determine the total mass of an original 28.0 milligram

Kathleen Ciousbacher Januari 08, 2022

Orders of magnitude (mass) in SI system

Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'épicerie et des industries annexes .

An overview of ranges of mass

To serve equate different orders of order of magnitude, the succeeding lists describe various pile levels between 10−59 kilogram and 1052 kilogram.

Units of mass [edit]

SI multiples of gram (g)
Submultiples Multiples
Note value SI symbol Distinguish Value SI symbol Name
10−1 g dg dg 101 g jag dkg
10−2 g cg centigram 102 g Hg hectogram
10−3 g mg milligram 103 g kilogram kg
10−6 g µg microgram (mcg) 106 g Mg megagram (tonne)
10−9 g ng nanogram 109 g Gg gigagram
10−12 g pg picogram 1012 g Tg teragram
10−15 g fg femtogram 1015 g Pg petagram
10−18 g ag attogram 1018 g Eg exagram
10−21 g zg zeptogram 1021 g Zg zettagram
10−24 g yg yoctogram 1024 g Yg yottagram
Common prefixes are in boldface.[1]

The table below is supported the kilogram (kilo), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kg-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kilo) is an SI traced unit of spate. Even so, the names of all Systeme International mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106 g), not a "kilokilogram".

The tonne (t) is an Systeme International d'Unites-compatible unit of mass isometrical to a megagram (Mg), operating theater 103 kilogram. The unit is in common use for masses preceding just about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For good example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly titled a kilotonne.

Other units [edit]

Other units of mass are also in use. Existent units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the granulate.

For subatomic particles, physicists habituate the mass equal to the energy pictured by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic dismantle, chemists use the hoi polloi of one-12th of a carbon copy-12 molecule (the John Dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M ☉).

Below 10−24 kg [edit]

Unlike other personal quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal amount, operating room an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric bill. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with randomly low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental superior bound on the wad of a purportedly massless particle; in the type of the photon, this inveterate upper bound is of the order of 3×10−27 eV = 10−62 kg.

Factor (kilogram) Value Particular
10−59 8.9×10−59 kilogram Upper bound on graviton[2]
10−40 4.2×10−40 kilo Aggregative equivalent of the energy of a photon at the superlative of the spectrum of the cosmic background radiation (0.235 meV/c 2)[3]
10−36 1.8×10−36 kilogram One eV/c 2, the flock equivalent of one electronvolt[4]
3.6×10−36 kg Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c 2)[5]
10−31 9.11×10−31 kg Negatron (511 keV/c 2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass[6]
10−30 3.0–5.5×10−30 kg Up quark (arsenic a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c 2)[7]
10−28 1.9×10−28 kg Muon (106 MeV/c 2)[8]
10−27
yoctogram (yg) 		1.661×10−27 kg Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified microscopical bulk unit (u)
1.673×10−27 kilo Proton (938.3 MeV/c 2)[9] [10]
1.674×10−27 kg Hydrogen corpuscle, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27 kilo Neutron (939.6 MeV/c 2)[11] [12]
10−26 1.2×10−26 kg Lithium atom (6.941 DA)
3.0×10−26 kg Water molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0×10−26 kg Titanium spec (47.867 Da)
10−25 1.1×10−25 kg Copper spec (63.546 Da)
1.6×10−25 kilo Z boson (91.2 GeV/c 2)[13]
2.2×10−25 kilogram Higgs boson (125 GeV/c 2)
3.1×10−25 kilo Truth quark (173 GeV/c 2),[14] the heaviest known fundamental particle
3.2×10−25 kilo Caffein molecule (194 DA)
3.5×10−25 kg Lead-208 atom
4.9×10−25 kg Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest noted nuclide

10−24 to 10−19 kg [edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−24
zeptogram (zg) 		1.2×10−24 kg Buckminsterfullerene molecule (720 Da)
10−23 1.4×10−23 kg Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)[15]
5.5×10−23 kg A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)[16]
10−22 1.1×10−22 kg Hemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)[17]
10−21
attogram (ag) 		1.65×10−21 kg Big-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 pedestal pairs (995 kDa)[18]
4.3×10−21 kg Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)[19]
7.1×10−21 kg Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)[19]
7.6×10−21 kilo Bromegrass mosaic virus, a small computer virus (4.6 MDa)[20]
10−20 3×10−20 kg Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)[21]
6.8×10−20 kg Tobacco mosaic computer virus (41 MDa)[22]
10−19 1.1×10−19 kg Nuclear pore complex in barm (66 MDa)[23]
2.5×10−19 kg Human adenovirus (150 MDa)[24]

10−18 to 10−13 kg [edit]

Factor (kg) Rate Item
10−18
femtogram (fg) 		1×10−18 kg HIV-1 virus[25] [26]
4.7×10−18 kg DNA sequence of duration 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome[27]
10−17 ~1×10−17 kg Vaccinia virus, a large computer virus[28]
1.1×10−17 kg Mass equivalent of 1 joule[29]
10−16 3×10−16 kilogram Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and maybe most plenteous)[30] photosynthetic organism on Earthly concern[31] [32]
10−15
picogram (pg) 		1×10−15 kg E. coli bacteria (soused weight)[33]
6×10−15 kg DNA in a typical diploid human electric cell (approximate)
10−14 2.2×10−14 kg Human being spermatozoan[32] [34]
6×10−14 kilogram Yeast cell (rather variable)[35] [36]
10−13 1.5×10−13 kg Dunaliella Salina, a super algae (dry out weight)[37]

10−12 to 10−7 kg [edit]

Factor (kilo) Economic value Item
10−12
ng (ng) 		1×10−12 kg Average manlike cell (1 nanogram)[38]
2–3×10−12 kg HeLa human cell[39] [40] [41]
8×10−12 kg Grain of birch pollen[42]
10−11
10−10 2.5×10−10 kg Grain of maize pollen[43]
3.5×10−10 kilogram Very fine caryopsis of Baroness Dudevant (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9
microgram (µg) 		3.6×10−9 kg Human ovum[32] [44]
2.4×10−9 kg US RDA for cyanocobalamin for adults[45]
10−8 10−8 kilogram Speculated approximate minimum of the mass of a primaeval smuggled hole
1.5×10−8 kg U.S.A RDA for vitamin D for adults[46]
~2×10−8 kilo Dubiousness in the wad of the International Paradigm of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20µg)[47]
2.2×10−8 kg Planck mass[48]
~7×10−8 kg Unitary eyelash hair's-breadth (approximate)[49]
10−7 1.5×10−7 kg US RDA for atomic number 53 for adults[50]
2–3×10−7 kg Pomace fly (withered weight)[51] [52]

10×10−6 to 1 kg [edit]

Component (kilo) Value Item
10−6
milligram (magnesium) 		2.5×10−6 kg Mosquitoes, common smaller species (approximately 2.5 milligrams),[53] grain of SALT or sand,[54] medicines are typically expressed in milligrams[55]
10−5
centigram (cg) 		1.1×10−5 kg Wee granule of vitreous silica (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)[56]
2×10−5 kg Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)[57]
10−4
decigram (dg) 		0.27–2.0×10−4 kg Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)[58]
1.5×10−4 kilogram A frame of 35mm movement show film (157 milligrams)[59]
2×10−4 kilo Metric carat (200 milligrams)[59]
10−3
gram (g) 		1×10−3 kilo One cc of water (1 gm)[60]
1×10−3 kilo US dollar bill (1 gram)[61]
~1×10−3 kg Deuce raisins (approximately 1 gram)[62]
~8×10−3 kg Coins of one Euro (7.5 grams),[63] one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)[64] and uncomparable Canadian Loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])[65]
10−2
decagram (dkg) 		2–4×10−2 kg Adult sneak (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)[66]
1.37×10−2 kilo Amount of ethanol defined as one modular drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)[67]
2.8×10−2 kilo Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)[59]
4.7×10−2 kg Mass equivalent of the zip that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent[59] [68]
10−1
hectogram   (mercury) 		0.1-0.2 kg An Orange (100–200 grams)[69]
0.142-0.149 kg A baseball game used in the major conference.[70]
0.454 kilo Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)[59]

1 kilogram to 105 kilo [edit]

Factor (kilogram) Assess Point
1 kilo
kilogram (kg) 		1 kg Nonpareil l (0.001 m3) of body of water[71]
1–3 kg Smallest engender of dog (Chihuahua)[72]
1–3 kg Typical laptop computer computer, 2010[73]
1–3 kg Big domestic tortoise
2.5–4 kilogram Neonate human baby[74]
4.0 kg Women's shot[75]
4–5 kilogram Housecat[76]
7.26 kg Hands's shot[75]
101 9–27 kg Medium-sized frankfurter[77] [78] [79]
10–30 kg A CRT computer reminder or boob tube set[ citation needed ]
50 kg Large dog breed (Great Dane)
70 kilo Adult human[80]
102 130–180 kilogram Mature Panthera leo, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)[81]
200–250 kg Hulk tortoise
240–450 kilo Lordly piano[82] [83]
400–900 kg Dairy cow[84]
500–500,000 kilo A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)[85] [86]
635 kg Heaviest human in canned history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2 kilogram 1 shortsighted ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)[59]
103
megagram (Mg) 		1000 kg 1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)[59]
1000 kg 1 cubic metre of water[71]
1016.05 kg Ton (British) / 1 long long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)[59]
1300–1600 kg Typical rider cars[87]
2700–6000 kilo Adult elephant[88]
104 1.1×10 4  kg Edwin Hubble Space Scope (11 tonnes)[89]
1.2×10 4  kg Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)[90]
1.4×10 4  kg Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)[91]
2.7×10 4  kg ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)[92]
4×10 4  kilo Maximum gross mass (motortruck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)[93]
5×10 4 –6×10 4  kg Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0×10 4  kg Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)[94]
7.3×10 4  kilogram Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[95]
105 1.8×10 5  kg Largest animal ever, a Balaenoptera musculus (180 tonnes)[96]
4.2×10 5  kg World-wide Space laboratory (417 tonnes)[97]
6×10 5  kg World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (utmost take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)[98]

106 to 1011 kg [edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
106
gigagram (Gg) 		1×10 6  kilogram Proboscis of the Sequoia gigantea tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)[99]
2.0×10 6  kg Set in motion mass of the Space Shuttlecock (2041 tonnes)[100]
6×10 6  kilogram Largest organism colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)[101]
7.8×10 6  kg VA-assort nautilus (subsurface burden)[102]
107 1×10 7  kg Annual production of Darjeeling tea[103]
5.2×10 7  kilogram RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)[104]
9.97×10 7  kilo Heaviest train ever so: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)[105]
108 6.6×10 8  kg Largest embark and largest Mobile River semisynthetic object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)[106]
7×10 8  kg Heaviest (not-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania[107]
109
teragram (Tg) 		4.3×10 9  kg Amount of matter converted into energy away the Sunbathe each second[108]
6×10 9  kg Pyramids of Egypt of Giza[109]

1010

6×10 10  kg Amount of existent in the Three Gorges Dam, the humankind's largest concrete social organization[110] [111]
1011 ~1×10 11  kg The mass of a primordial ignominious gob with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe[112]
2×10 11  kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)[113]
4×10 11  kg Tote up mass of the reality's humanlike population[80] [114] [115]
5×10 11  kg Summate biomass of South Frigid Zon krill, probably the most rich animal species on the planet[116]

1012 to 1017 kg [cut]

Factor (kilo) Value Item
1012
petagram (Pg) 		0.8–2.1×10 12  kg Global biomass of fish[117]
4×10 12  kg International annual anthropomorphic food production[118]
4×10 12  kilo World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)[119]
5.5×10 12  kilo A teaspoon (5 cubic centimeter) of neutron sensation incarnate (5000 million tonnes)[120]
1013 1×10 13  kg Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[121]
4×10 13  kg Global annual human CO2 emission[122] [123]
1014 1.05×10 14  kg Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each twelvemonth connected Ground[124]
7.2×10 14  kilo Total carbon copy stored in Earth's air[125]
1015
exagram (Eg) 		2.0×10 15  kg Total atomic number 6 stored in the mundane biosphere[126]
3.5×10 15  kg Add carbon stored in coal deposits cosmopolitan[127]
1016 1×10 16  kilo 951 Gaspra, the showtime asteroid ever to be tight approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)[128]
1×10 16  kilogram Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms along Earth.[129]
3×10 16  kg Pectinate estimate of everything produced by the human species.[130]
3.8×10 16  kilo Total carbon stored in the oceans.[131]
1017 1.6×10 17  kg Prometheus, a sheepherder planet for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring[132]

1018 to 1023 kg [edit out]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1018
zettagram (Zg) 		5.1×10 18  kg Earth's atmosphere[133]
5.6×10 18  kg Hyperion, a moon of Saturn[132]
1019 3×10 19  kg 3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt[134]
3×10 19  kg The rings of Saturn[135]
1020 9.4×10 20  kg Ceres, overshadow planet inside the asteroid belt[136]
1021
yottagram (Yg) 		1.4×10 21  kg Earth's oceans[137]
1.5×10 21  kg Charon, the largest moon of Pluto[138]
2.9–3.7×10 21  kg The angular belt[139]
1022 1.3×10 22  kg Pluto[138]
2.1×10 22  kg Triton, largest Moon of Neptune[140]
7.3×10 22  kg Earth's Moon[141]
1023 1.3×10 23  kg Giant, largest moon of Saturn[142]
1.5×10 23  kg Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter[143]
3.3×10 23  kg Mercury[144]
6.4×10 23  kg Mars[145]

1024 to 1029 kilo [edit]

Element (kg) Valuate Item
1024 4.9×10 24  kg Venus[146]
6.0×10 24  kg Earth[147]
1025 3×10 25  kg Oort cloud[148]
8.7×10 25  kilo Uranus[149]
1026 1.0×10 26  kilo Neptune[150]
5.7×10 26  kg Saturn[151]
1027 1.9×10 27  kg Jupiter[152]
1028 2–14×10 28  kg John Brown dwarfs (estimate)[153]
1029 3×10 29  kg Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf star[154]

1030 to 1035 kg [edit]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1030 2×10 30  kg The Sun[155] (one solar mass or M ☉ = 1.989×10 30  kg)
2.8×10 30  kg Chandrasekhar throttl (1.4M ☉)[156] [157]
1031 4×10 31  kg Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20M ☉)[158]
1032 4–7×10 32  kilogram R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 M ☉)[159]
6–8×10 32  kilo Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M ☉)[160]
1033 1.6×10 33  kilogram Pleiades star cluster (800M ☉)[161]
1034
1035 ~1035 kg Typical globular cluster in the Milklike Agency (whole range: 3×10 3 to 4×10 6 M ☉)[162]
2×10 35  kilogram Low end of mint range for giant molecular clouds (1×10 5 to 1×10 7 M ☉)[163] [164]
7.3×10 35  kg Jeans pile of a giant molecular cloud at 100K and density 30 atoms per millilitre;[165]
executable example: Orion Unit Befog Complex

1036 to 1041 kilogram [edit]

Factor (kg) Value Detail
1036 1.79×10 36  kilo The entire Carina complex.
2.4×10 36  kg The Stephen Jay Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×10 6 M ☉)[166]
7–8×10 36  kilo The supermassive covert hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, related to with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×10 6 M ☉)[167]
8×10 36  kilogram Z centauri, the largest circular flock in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037
1038
1039
1040 4.17×10 40  kilo NGC 4889, the largest measured supermassive black hole, weighing 21 billion solar masses (2.1×10 10 M ☉)
1041 4×10 41  kg Visible mass of the Milky Way coltsfoot[168]

1042 kilogram and greater [blue-pencil]

Factor (kg) Value Item
1042 1.2×10 42  kg Milky Way System galaxy (5.8×10 11 M ☉)[169]
2–3×10 42  kilogram Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way Galaxy (1.29±0.14×10 12 M ☉)[169]
1043
1044
1045 1–2×10 45  kg Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×10 15 M ☉)[170]
1046
1047 2×10 47  kg Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048 2×10 48  kg Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049 4×10 49 kg Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the best-known population
1050
1051
1052 4.4506×10 52  kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated past NASA
6×10 52  kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated away the National Solar Lookout station[171]

Find also [edit]

  • Lists of astronomical objects

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Criterion: A combined total of at to the lowest degree 250,000 Google hits along both the modern spelling (‑gram) and the dated British spelling (‑gramme).
  2. ^ "we bound the mass of the graviton to be mg≤5.0×10−23/c2 (90% presumptive level)" LIGO Gravitational Wave Observation tower
  3. ^ Fixsen, D. J. (2009). "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): 916–920. arXiv:0911.1955. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..916F. Interior Department:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916. S2CID 119217397.
  4. ^ "Conversion from eV to kg". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 2011-10-19 .
  5. ^ "The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass [...] is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this prise corresponds to an maximum on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c2 (95% Self-assurance Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Simple machine
  6. ^ "CODATA Respect: negatron mass". The NIST Reference happening Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 2011-08-21 .
  7. ^ K. Nakamura; Particle Data Group (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Mote Information Group. Retrieved 2011-08-08 .
  8. ^ "CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Book of fact on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  9. ^ "CODATA Value: proton muckle". The NIST Reference point on Constants, Units, and Incertitude. NIST. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  10. ^ "CODATA Value: proton mass Energy Department equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Incertitude. NIST. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  11. ^ "CODATA Appreciate: neutron mass". The NIST Acknowledgment on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  12. ^ "CODATA Value: neutron sight energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference happening Constants, Units, and Dubiousness. NIST. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  13. ^ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; et al. (2008). "Follow-up of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. DoI:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. HDL:1854/Lutecium-685594. Archived from the original along 2012-07-12.
  14. ^ K. Nakamura; Particle Data Grouping (2011). "PDGLive Particle Drumhead 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Information Group. Retrieved 2011-08-08 .
  15. ^ "Ubiquitin". Channel Proteomes. Retrieved 2011-10-12 .
  16. ^ Ron Milo. "How big is the "average" protein?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-10-13 .
  17. ^ Caravan Beekvelt MC; Colier WN; Wevers Atomic number 88; Van Engelen BG (Feb 2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring localised O2 consumption and blood flow in striated muscle". J Appl Physiol. 90 (2): 511–519. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 11160049. S2CID 15468862.
  18. ^ From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a individualistic DNA molecule [1]. Retrieved 2010-10-14
  19. ^ a b "Eukaryotic Ribosome". ETH Zurich. Archived from the original on 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  20. ^ Bockstahler, L.; Kaesberg, P. (1962). "The Relative molecular mass and Separate Biophysical Properties of Bromegrass Prophet Virus". Biophysical Daybook. 2 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:1962BpJ.....2....1B. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(62)86836-2. PMC1366384. PMID 19431313.
  21. ^ "Atomic multitude of synaptic vesicle – Rat Rattus". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  22. ^ "Relative molecular mass – Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) – BNID 105958". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  23. ^ Rootle, M. P.; Blobel, G. (1993). "Isolation of the yeast nuclear concentrate complex". The Diary of Cell Biota. 123 (4): 771–783. DoI:10.1083/jcb.123.4.771. PMC2200146. PMID 8227139.
  24. ^ Liu, H.; Jin, L.; Koh, S. B. S.; Atanasov, I.; Schein, S.; Wu, L.; Zhou, Z. H. (2010). "Matter Structure of Human Adenovirus by Cryo-EM Reveals Interactions Among Protein Networks" (PDF). Science. 329 (5995): 1038–1043. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1038L. Interior:10.1126/science.1187433. PMC3412078. PMID 20798312.
  25. ^ "Virus diameter of HIV-1 - HIV". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
  26. ^ Calculated : bulk = 4/3 × π × (126e−9 m / 2)3 = 1.05e−21 m3. Assume compactness = 1 g/cm3 => mass = 1.05e−21 m3 × 1e3 kg/m3 = 1.05e−18 kg
  27. ^ Frederick R. Blattner; Poke fu Plunkett III; et Camellia State. (1997). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12". Scientific discipline. 277 (5331): 1453–1462. Interior:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453. PMID 9278503.
  28. ^ "Volume of virion - Computer virus Vaccinia". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
  29. ^ "Conversion from J to kg". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  30. ^ "Prochlorococcus marinus MIT 9313 - Home". Articulatio Genome Bring. Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
  31. ^ "Size (diameter) of nigh abundant cyanobacteri - Prochlorococcus - BNID 101520". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
  32. ^ a b c Mass calculated from volume assuming tightness of 1 g/mL
  33. ^ "E. coli Statistics". The CyberCell Database. Archived from the groundbreaking on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2011-09-11 .
  34. ^ M. R. Curry, J. D. Millar, S. M. Tamuli & P. F. James Dewey Watson, "Surface Area & Volume Measurements for Aries & Human Spermatozoa," Biology of Reproduction, 55, 6 (1996‑12‑01): 1325–32.
  35. ^ Bokkos Milo. "How big is a barm cell" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  36. ^ ""Harness of riffle" for cell lot". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  37. ^ "Cell brut weight - Green algae Dunaliella salina". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-14 .
  38. ^ "A quickly introduction to elements of biology - cells, molecules, genes, working genomics, microarrays". European Bioinformatics Institute. if we estimate the average system of weights of a anthropomorphous cellular phone as about 10^-9 g
  39. ^ "Careful HeLa cell mass". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  40. ^ "Estimated Hel cell mass". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-09 .
  41. ^ Phillips, Kevin G.; Jacques, Steven L.; McCarty, Owen J. T. (13 September 2012). "Mensuration of Single Cell Index of refraction, Dry Muckle, Volume, and Density Using a Transillumination Microscope". Physical Review Letters. 109 (11): 118105. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109k8105P. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.118105. PMC3621783. PMID 23005682.
  42. ^ Schäppi, G. F.; Suphioglu, C.; Taylor, P. E.; Knox, R. B. (1997). "Concentrations of the major birch tree diagram allergen Bet v 1 in pollen and respirable fine particles in the atmospheric state". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 100 (5): 656–661. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70170-2. PMID 9389296. "the complete pollen grain mass of close to 7.85 nanogram"
  43. ^ Fonseca, A. E.; Westgate, M. E.; Pasture, L.; Dornbos, J. (2003). "Tassel Word structure as an Indicator of Expected Pollen Output in Maize". Harvest Management. 2: 1–15. Interior:10.1094/Centimeter-2003-0804-01-RS. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2015-08-28 . "The dry weight of individual pollen grains has been estimated at 250 ng"
  44. ^ "Volume of man oocyte - Human Homo sapiens". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-11-01 .
  45. ^ "Dietary Accessory Fact Sheet: Vitamin B12". Authority of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved 2011-10-02 .
  46. ^ "Dietary Supplement Fact Rag: Vitamin D". Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved 2011-10-02 .
  47. ^ Report to the CGPM, 14th meeting of the Informatory Committee for Units (CCU), April 2001, 2. (deuce); Broad Group discussion on Weights and Measures, 22nd Meeting, October 2003, which expressed "The kilogram is in need of a new definition because the mass of the prototype is known to variegate by single parts in 108 over periods of time of the order of a month ..." (3.2MB ZIP data file, here).
  48. ^ "CODATA Assess: Planck mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 2011-09-30 .
  49. ^ "Weigh An Eyelash". National Semiconductor. Retrieved 2011-10-02 .
  50. ^ "Dietetic Supplementation Fact Sheet: Iodin". Role of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved 2011-10-02 .
  51. ^ "Mean dry mass (male) - Yield tent-fly". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-14 .
  52. ^ "Mean dry slew (female) - Fruit vaporize". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-14 .
  53. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". American Mosquito Control Connection. Archived from the original connected 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2011-08-23 . Smaller species plant around houses commonly weigh nearly 2.5 milligrams.
  54. ^ "Metric Mass (Weight)". Retrieved 2019-09-19 .
  55. ^ "Mass". 8 July 2017. Retrieved 2019-09-19 .
  56. ^ Quartz glass has a density of 2.65. Mass = Volume × Density = (4/3 × π × (1e−3 m)3) × (2.65 × 1e3 kilo/m3) = 1.1e−5 kg.
  57. ^ Price, G. M. (1961). "Some Aspects of Aminoalkanoic acid Metabolism in the Fully grown Housefly, Musca domestica". Biochem. J. 80 (2): 420–8. doi:10.1042/bj0800420. PMC1244018. PMID 16748919.
  58. ^ "Caffeine message for coffee, teatime, soda and more". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h "Vermiform process B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST Guide for the Use of the SI system of Units (SI). NIST. 2009-07-02. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  60. ^ "Mass, Weight, Density Oregon Taxon Gravity of Water system at Respective Temperatures". SiMetric . Retrieved 13 Dec 2011.
  61. ^ "FAQ Subroutine library". U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-08-21 .
  62. ^ "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov . Retrieved 2019-04-22 .
  63. ^ "Denominations and technical specifications of Euro coins". Retrieved 2013-06-22 . angle (g): 7.5
  64. ^ "Coin specifications". US Mint. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  65. ^ "the 1-dollar coin - Ruler Canadian Mess". Royal Canadian Heap. Retrieved 2014-05-24 .
  66. ^ "Biomethodology of the Computer mouse". Animal Research, The University of Iowa. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  67. ^ "Alcohol and Public Health: Frequently Asked Questions". CDC. 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  68. ^ Deliberate: 1e6 tons of TNT-equivalent × 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-like × 1.1e−17 kg of mass-same/J = 4.7e−2 kg of deal-equivalent
  69. ^ "Oranges, raw, with peel (NDB No. 09205 and 09200)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Archived from the original on 2015-03-03. Retrieved 2011-10-18 .
  70. ^ Christina Leeward, "Mass of a Baseball", The Physics Factbook, 1999. Retrieved 2018-07-04
  71. ^ a b "Water - Density and Specific Weight". The Applied science Tool Box.
  72. ^ "Chihuahua Weight Chart". Retrieved 14 December 2011. 907 g ... 2722 g
  73. ^ "Laptop Buyer's Guide". Approximately.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011. 2.0 lbs ... > 6 lbs
  74. ^ "Baby birth weight Information". Retrieved 14 Dec 2011. 2500 g ... 4000 g
  75. ^ a b "Shot Put - Introduction". IAAF. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  76. ^ Mattern, Michelle Y.; McLennan, Deborah A. (2000). "Phylogeny and Speciation of Felids". Cladistics. 16 (2): 232–253. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x. PMID 34902955. S2CID 85043293.
  77. ^ "Search for Medium Dogs Aside Looking at Pictures, Dogs that Can get to 20-50 Pounds". Retrieved 2 July 2013. Roughly ranging from 20-50 pounds (9-23 kg)
  78. ^ "Firedog Services - Adoptable Dogs". Archived from the underived on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013. medium (30lbs to 60lbs)
  79. ^ "Dog Groups - Mass medium Sized Dogs - Only Dog Breeds". Retrieved 2 July 2013. 25 to 50 pounds
  80. ^ a b "Plenty of an Adult". The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 13 December 2011. 70 kg
  81. ^ Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996). "Panthera Leo" (PDF). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Medical specialist Group. p. 17. ISBN978-2-8317-0045-8. adult males (>4 years) 181 kg (n=14) and females 126 kg (n=25)
  82. ^ "GRAND PIANO GUIDE TO STEINWAY AND INDUSTRY STANDARD SIZES". Bluebook of Pianos. Retrieved 13 Dec 2011. 540 lbs ... 990 lbs
  83. ^ Calculated: 540 lbs × 0.4536 kilogram/lb = 240 kg. 990 lb × 0.4536 kilo/lb = 450 kg.
  84. ^ "Cow (Cattle) engender comparisons". Archived from the primary on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  85. ^ Jennifer Johnson. "Lecture 22: Extreme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars". Ohio River DoS Department of Uranology. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  86. ^ Exploitation the quoted density of 1e5 to 1e8 kilo/m3 for white dwarf crucial, 1 teaspoon = 5mL = 5e−3 m3 has a calculated mass of: Low end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e5 kg/m3 = 5e2 kg High end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e8 kilo/m3 = 5e5 kg
  87. ^ America Environmental Trade protection Agency (PDF). EPA-420-R-16-010: 28, 30. November 2016 https://WWW.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/420r16010.pdf. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  88. ^ Norton, C.A. Spinage ; illustrated by Larry (1994). Elephants. London: T & A D Poyser. ISBN9780856610882.
  89. ^ "Solar System Exploration: Hubble Quad Telescope". NASA. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  90. ^ Ward, Rowland (1935). Records of Big Game (10th male erecticle dysfunction.). Capital of the United Kingdom.
  91. ^ "The Story of Big Ben". Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  92. ^ Kennedy Jr., T.R. (Feb 15, 1946). "Electronic Computer Flashes Answers, May Speed up Engineering". The Unused York Times (2–15–1946). Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  93. ^ "Council Leading 96/53/EC of 25 July 1996" (PDF). 1996-09-17. p. 12. Retrieved 2011-10-18 .
  94. ^ Meteoritical Bulletin Database: Hoba
  95. ^ Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Organic structure Size of Some Grey South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs" (PDF). Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 71–83. CiteSeerX10.1.1.694.1650. doi:10.1080/08912960410001715132. S2CID 56028251. Retrieved 2009-01-23 .
  96. ^ "What is the biggest cicada-like ever to exist on Earth?". How Stuff Works. 2001-07-25. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  97. ^ "International Space Station: The ISS to Date". NASA. Retrieved 2011-08-23 .
  98. ^ Greg Goebel. "The Antonov Giants: An-22, An-124, & An-225". Air Vectors. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  99. ^ Fry, Walter; White, John Bartholomew Roberts (1942). Big Trees. Palo Alto, California: Leland Stanford University Mechanical press.
  100. ^ "Blank Shuttle Basics". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the seminal on 2000-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-24 .
  101. ^ David Hershey. "Re: What is the biggest tree in the planetary?". MadSci Network. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  102. ^ "The U.S. Navy". United States of America Navy. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  103. ^ "Darjeeling Tea: Questions and Answers". Darjeeling Tea Tie-u. Archived from the original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2011-09-11 .
  104. ^ "THE 66,000 TON MYTH". Grade Chirnside. Retrieved 2011-08-24 .
  105. ^ "Hamersley Freight Line - Railway Technology". Railway Technology. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  106. ^ "Knock Nevis - The world's largest ship of all time". Container-Transportation . Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  107. ^ "Heaviest edifice". Guinness World Records . Retrieved 13 Process 2015.
  108. ^ "Is the Sun Shrinking?". Stanford Star Center. Retrieved 2011-08-24 .
  109. ^ Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Field, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publication Group. ISBN978-1-4042-6059-7.
  110. ^ Richard R. Wertz. "The Three Gorges Dekametre Project". Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  111. ^ "Density of Touchable". The Natural philosophy Factbook . Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  112. ^ Andrew William Rowan Hamilton. "Hawking Actinotherapy". University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2011-10-17 .
  113. ^ Chris Birks; Mike Owen; Brian Arkell (2001). "London's Water Resources: Threat or Chance". Area. 33 (1): 95–97. JSTOR 20004131.
  114. ^ "World POPClock Projection". U.S. Nosecount Bureau. 13 Dec 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 6,981,057,639
  115. ^ Calculated: adult men have a weight of 70 kilo, use 55 kg to account for smaller weights of women and children. 7.0e9 people × 55 kg/soul = 4e11 kg
  116. ^ Stephen Nicol & Yoshinari Endo (1997). Krill Fisheries of the World. Fisheries Technical Newspaper publisher 367. Food and Agriculture Department Organization. ISBN978-92-5-104012-6.
  117. ^ Wilson, R. W.; Millero, F. J.; Taylor, J. R.; Walsh, P. J.; Christensen, V.; Jennings, S.; Grosell, M. (2009). "Contribution of Pisces to the Shipping Inorganic Carbon Cycle". Science. 323 (5912): 359–362. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..359W. doi:10.1126/science.1157972. PMID 19150840. S2CID 36321414.
  118. ^ "Human beings Environment Day - Food Macerate Facts". Archived from the master on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  119. ^ "Paint Global DOE Statistics 2010". International Energy Agency. 2010. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) happening 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2011-09-13 .
  120. ^ The average density of material in a neutron star of radius 10 kilometer is 1.1×1012 kilo cm−3 . Consequently, 5 ml of such material is 5.5×1012 kg, or 5 500 000 000 t. This is about 15 times the absolute bulk of the human world population. Alternatively, 5 ml from a neutron star of radius 20 km spoke (average density 8.35×1010 kg Cm−3 ) has a mass of about 400 Mt, or about the volume of all human beings.
  121. ^ Pätzold, M.; Andert, T.; Hahn, M.; Asmar, S. W.; Barriot, J.-P.; Bird, M. K.; Häusler, B.; Peter, K.; Tellmann, S.; Grün, E.; Weissman, P. R.; Sierks, H.; Jorda, L.; Gaskell, R.; Preusker, F.; Scholten, F. (4 February 2016). "A homogenised nucleus for comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko from its sobriety field". Nature. 530 (7588): 63–65. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...63P. Interior:10.1038/nature16535. PMID 26842054. S2CID 4470894.
  122. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2014-12-18). "BBC Word - Carbonic acid gas orbiter delegation returns first global maps". BBC News program . Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  123. ^ "Carbon dioxide monitoring skyrocket blasts inactive – News – ABC Environment (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  124. ^ Field, C.B.; Behrenfeld, M.J.; Randerson, J.T.; Falkowski, P. (1998). "Primary production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components". Science (Submitted holograph). 281 (5374): 237–240. Bibcode:1998Sci...281..237F. doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.237. PMID 9657713.
  125. ^ "Total carbon copy stored in the atmosphere". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-19 .
  126. ^ "Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-19 .
  127. ^ "Sum up carbon stored in ember deposits universal". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-19 .
  128. ^ "Asteroid Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2011-10-15 .
  129. ^ William B. Whitman; Saint David C. Coleman; William J. Wiebe (1998). "Prokaryotes: The unseen majority". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 95 (12): 6578–6583. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.6578W. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578. PMC33863. PMID 9618454.
  130. ^ Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Waters, Colin N.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Palmesino, John; Rönnskog, Ann-Sofi; Edgeworth, Matt; Neal, Cath; Cearreta, Alejandro; Ellis, Erle C.; Grinevald, Jacques; Haff, Peter; Ivar Do Sul, Juliana A.; Jeandel, Catherine; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, John R.; Odada, Eric; Oreskes, Naomi; Price, Simon Jesse James; Revkin, Andrew; Steffen, Will; Summerhayes, Colin; Vidas, Davor; Wing, Scott; Wolfe, Alexander P. (2017). "Scale and diversity of the somatic technosphere: A geological perspective" (PDF). The Anthropocene Review. 4: 9–22. doi:10.1177/2053019616677743. hdl:11250/2553087. S2CID 55431583.
  131. ^ "Tally carbon stored in the oceans (mostly inorganic)". BioNumbers. Retrieved 2011-10-19 .
  132. ^ a b Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derivative properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" (PDF). Icarus. 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025.
  133. ^ Trenberth, Kevin E.; David Smith, Lesley. "The Mass of the Atmosphere: a Constraint on Global Analyses". National Center for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2011-09-09 .
  134. ^ Jim Baer (2010). "Recent epoch Asteroid Lot Determinations". Individualized Website. Archived from the original happening 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2011-10-16 .
  135. ^ Brainerd, Jerome James. "Saturn's Rings". The Astrophysics Spectator. Retrieved 2011-09-09 .
  136. ^ Carry, B.; Dumas, C.; Fulchignoni, M.; Merline, W. J.; Berthier, J.; Hestroffer, D.; Fusco, T.; Tamblyn, P. (2008). "Near-infrared correspondence and physical properties of the dwarf-planet Ceres" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 478 (1): 235–244. arXiv:0711.1152. Bibcode:2008A&A...478..235C. DoI:10.1051/0004-6361:20078166. S2CID 6723533. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2008.
  137. ^ "Mass of the Oceans". The Physics Factbook . Retrieved 2011-09-09 .
  138. ^ a b Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Junior, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (1): 290–298. arXiv:astro-ph/0512491. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..290B. doi:10.1086/504422. S2CID 119386667.
  139. ^ Krasinsky, G. A.; Pitjeva, E. V.; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). "Hidden Mass in the Angulate Belt". Icarus. 158 (1): 98–105. Bibcode:2002Icar..158...98K. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6837.
  140. ^ "Solar System Exploration: Triton: Overview". Star System Geographic expedition. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original along 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  141. ^ "Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". Star System Geographic expedition. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2011-10-13 .
  142. ^ Jacobson, R. A.; Antreasian, P. G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; Ionasescu, R.; Mary Harris Jone, J. B.; Mackenzie, R. A.; Meek, M. C.; Parcher, D.; Pelletier, F. J.; Owen Jr., W. M.; Roth, D. C.; Roundhill, I. M.; Stauch, J. R. (December 2006). "The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data". The Large Journal. 132 (6): 2520–2526. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2520J. doi:10.1086/508812.
  143. ^ Promoter, A. P.; Malhotra, R. (1999). "The Galilean Satellites" (PDF). Science. 286 (5437): 77–84. Department of the Interior:10.1126/science.286.5437.77. PMID 10506564.
  144. ^ "Mercury: Facts & Figures". Star Organisation Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  145. ^ "Mars: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  146. ^ "Urania: Facts & Figures". Solar Scheme Geographic expedition. NASA. Archived from the innovational on 2003-12-16. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  147. ^ "Earth: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original happening 2003-12-16. Retrieved 2011-09-29 .
  148. ^ Weissman, Saul R (1983). "The mass of the Oort cloud". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 118 (1): 90–94. Bibcode:1983A&A...118...90W.
  149. ^ "Ouranos: Facts & Figures". Star System Exploration. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2003-12-14. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  150. ^ "Neptune: Facts & Figures". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  151. ^ "Saturn: Facts &adenylic acid; Figures". Solar Scheme Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original happening 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  152. ^ "Jupiter: Facts &adenylic acid; Figures". Solar Scheme Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2003-12-15. Retrieved 2011-09-22 .
  153. ^ Boss, Alan (2001-04-03). "Are They Planets Beaver State What?". Carnegie Institution of Washington. Archived from the original happening 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2006-06-08 .
  154. ^ Dawson, P. C.; De Robertis, M. M. (2004). "Barnard's Star and the M Nanus Temperature Scale". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (5): 2909. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.2909D. doi:10.1086/383289.
  155. ^ "Sun Fact Piece of paper". NASA. Retrieved 2011-10-15 .
  156. ^ p. 55, How A Supernova Explodes, Hans A. Hans Bethe and Gerald Robert Brown, pp. 51–62 in Formation And Evolution of Black Holes in the Galaxy: Hand-picked Papers with Commentary, Hans Albrecht Hans Bethe, Gerald Edward Brown, and Chang-Hwan Lee, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific: 2003. ISBN 981-238-250-X.
  157. ^ Mazzali, P. A.; Röpke, F. K.; Benetti, S.; Hillebrandt, W. (2007). "A Common Explosion Mechanism for Type Ia Supernovae". Science (PDF). 315 (5813): 825–828. arXiv:astro-ph/0702351v1. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..825M. DoI:10.1126/science.1136259. PMID 17289993. S2CID 16408991.
  158. ^ Kaler, Jim. "Betelgeuse" Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine (2008). Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
  159. ^ Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; et al. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose singular masses greatly outdo the accepted 150M ☉ stellar mass limit". Every month Notices of the Noble Astronomical Society. 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. Interior Department:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. S2CID 53001712.
  160. ^ The Astrophysics Spectator: Open Headliner Clusters. Retrieved 2008-09-15
  161. ^ Adams, J. D.; Stauffer, J. R.; Monet, D. G.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Beichman, C. A. (2001). "The Aggregative and Structure of the Pleiades Star Cluster from 2MASS". The Big Journal. 121 (4): 2053. arXiv:astro-ph/0101139. Bibcode:2001AJ....121.2053A. doi:10.1086/319965. S2CID 17994583.
  162. ^ "Globular cluster parameters". Oleg Y. Gnedin and Jeremia P. Ostriker. Archived from the freehand on 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-09-09 .
  163. ^ "Cool Cosmos". Infrared Processing and Analysis Center. Retrieved 2011-10-16 .
  164. ^ "Milky Way Beetleweed: Molecular Clouds". The Astrophysics Looker. Retrieved 2011-10-16 .
  165. ^ The Astrophysics Looker: Molecular Clouds. Retrieved 2008-09-15
  166. ^ Olano, C. A. (1982). "On a model of local gas related to Gould's belt". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 112 (2): 195–208. Bibcode:1982A&A...112..195O.
  167. ^ Ghez, A. M.; Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, S.; Hornstein, S. D.; Tanner, A.; Lu, J. R.; Morris, M.; Becklin, E. E.; Duchene, G. (2005). "Stellar Orbits around the Galactic Center Black Muddle". The Astrophysical Journal. 620 (2): 744–757. arXiv:astro-ph/0306130. Bibcode:2005ApJ...620..744G. doi:10.1086/427175. S2CID 8656531.
  168. ^ Jim Brau. "The Milky Way Galaxy". Retrieved 2011-09-12 . total batch (within 15 kpc) = 2 x 10^11 star masses
  169. ^ a b Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "The great unwashed of the local chemical group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode:2006Ap.....49....3K. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6. S2CID 120973010.
  170. ^ Einasto, M.; Saar, E.; Liivamägi, L. J.; Einasto, J.; et al. (2007). "The richest superclusters: I. Morphology". Uranology and Astrophysics. 476 (2): 697–711. arXiv:0706.1122. Bibcode:2007A&A...476..697E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078037. S2CID 15004251.
  171. ^ "Mess, Size, and Density of the Macrocos".

Foreign links [edit]

  • Mass units conversion calculator
  • Mass units conversion calculator JavaScript

determine the total mass of an original 28.0 milligram

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)

Posting Komentar

0 Komentar